Quick Answer :
To identify high net worth directors for wealth management in India, track three things simultaneously
Corporate liquidity events (acquisitions, ESOP buybacks, IPOs)
Directorship data from MCA filings
Network paths to warm introductions.
No single source gives you all three - which is the core problem.
Platforms like Affluense.ai aggregate live signals from 250+ Indian sources and surface the specific directors who benefit from these events, along with verified contact details and a relationship graph showing how to reach them.
Book A Demo & See How It Works For Wealth Management Firms
This guide is for relationship managers, sales leaders, and founders at Indian wealth management firms who are tired of losing the timing battle. We'll walk through exactly how to identify high net worth directors for wealth management, what signals to look for, where to find them, how to prioritise outreach, and which tools are built for this specific problem.
1. Why "Director" Is One of the Most Underserved HNI Segments in India
When wealth managers think about HNI prospecting, they typically picture promoters of large listed companies or founders already profiled in Forbes. High visibility. High competition. Heavily pitched.
But there's a quieter, more accessible segment that gets missed consistently: working directors, co-founders, and early equity holders at growth-stage private companies.
India's startup and SME ecosystem means thousands of companies are sitting at any given time on the edge of a liquidity event, acquisition negotiations, ESOP buyback rounds, Series D fundraises that trigger secondary sales. The directors in these companies aren't publicly celebrated. But they're real HNIs in the making or already there.
They're harder to find which means less competition. An RM who reaches them first, with genuine context, converts at a far higher rate than someone cold-pitching a promoter who gets ten calls a week.
They're often underserved. Directors at private companies don't always have existing relationships with private banks or wealth firms. They may have managed money informally. A well-timed, well-informed approach can create a client relationship that lasts decades.
They move in cohorts. ESOP events don't benefit one person, they benefit tens or hundreds of employees and directors at the same time. One accurate identification opens an entire network.
2. The 5 Signals That Indicate a Director Has Become a High Net Worth Prospect
The question isn't "who is wealthy?" it's "who has recently become liquid, or who is about to?" These five signals answer that.
Signal 1: ESOP Buyback Announcements
When a company announces an ESOP buyback, it's one of the clearest wealth creation events in the Indian startup ecosystem. Employees and directors who hold vested options can convert equity to cash.
The challenge: most announcements name the company and pool size, not the individual beneficiaries. Solving the identification problem requires cross-referencing MCA directorship data, employment history signals, and ESOP plan structure.
Related : Read our full guide on how to identify ESOP buybacks and find HNIs that way
Signal 2: Acquisitions and M&A Deals
When a startup or private company gets acquired, the founding team, early investors, and director-shareholders typically receive a liquidity event. Indian startup media covers these deals regularly. But the coverage rarely names individual beneficiaries. The prospecting opportunity lies in mapping who held equity in the acquired entity which requires directorship records and cap table intelligence, not just a news headline.
Signal 3: IPO Filings and Lock-Up Expirations
DRHP filings with SEBI name promoters, directors, and significant shareholders along with their stake sizes. The pre-IPO period and the lock-up expiry window (typically six months post-listing) are both inflection points where directors are actively thinking about what to do with new liquidity.
Signal 4: C-Suite and Board Appointments
A director appointment at a late-stage startup or funded SME is a lagging wealth signal but an early relationship signal. If someone joins the board of a Series C company, they're likely already holding meaningful wealth. More importantly, they're now connected to an ecosystem where future liquidity events are plausible within a 2–4 year horizon.
Signal 5: Secondary Transactions and Pre-IPO Rounds
Secondary sales in late-stage startups allow existing shareholders to exit partially before a public listing.
These transactions are less publicised but increasingly common. Directors and early employees who participate in secondaries are cashing out, often for the first time, without a clear reference point on who to trust with the proceeds. That's your opening.
Related : How to identify liquidity events for wealth management firms
3. Where Most Wealth Managers Are Looking (And Why It's Too Slow)
LinkedIn: Good for validation, not discovery
LinkedIn is useful for confirming what you already suspect about someone. It is not built to proactively surface directors who just experienced a liquidity event. No ESOP signal. No MCA integration. No acquisition flag. If LinkedIn is your primary prospecting tool, you're working reactively waiting for people to self-identify as wealthy, rather than finding them at the moment wealth is created.
MCA Portal: Authoritative, but not actionable
The MCA database holds directorship data for every registered company in India. In theory, a prospector's best friend. In practice: manual form-by-form searches, no live event surfacing, notoriously slow to update. It tells you who was a director six months ago not who just participated in a buyback.
Google Alerts and News Monitoring: Too noisy, too slow
Keyword alerts catch a lot but they catch everything. The RM still manually reads articles, infers whether a wealth event occurred, figures out who the beneficiaries are, and hunts for contact information. This does not scale.
CRM and Internal Database: Only as good as what's already in it
Most wealth management CRMs are strong at managing existing relationships. They're not built to discover new ones. If a prospect isn't already in your CRM, the CRM can't help you find them. And if your data isn't regularly updated, it creates false confidence you think you know your addressable market, but you're looking at a snapshot that's months out of date.
The real cost of slow prospecting isn't the hours spent it's the AUM lost. Every HNI director who needed wealth management guidance after a liquidity event and didn't hear from your firm in time either went to a competitor, made uninformed decisions about their capital, or left it sitting idle.
4. How to Identify HNI Directors at Scale: A Step-by-Step Framework
Step 1: Map your target event types
Decide which liquidity events are most relevant to your firm's strategy. ESOP buybacks tend to produce a broader pool of mid-tier HNIs. Acquisitions and IPOs produce fewer but larger individual wealth events. Secondary transactions sit in between. Different event types require different data sources and different outreach approaches.
Step 2: Build a live event feed don't rely on manual scanning
The Indian startup ecosystem generates dozens of meaningful corporate events every week. You need a system that automatically surfaces them across startup news outlets, exchange filings, DRHP submissions, and MCA records not a process that depends on an analyst reading articles every morning. The difference between catching an ESOP announcement on day one versus day four can be the difference between a warm first call and a cold follow-up.
Step 3: De-anonymise the event find the specific beneficiaries
An ESOP buyback tells you a company has a pool of newly liquid equity holders. It doesn't tell you who they are. De-anonymising that event connecting it to actual directors and key employees using MCA records, cap table signals, and employment data is what separates a real lead from a headline. Manually, this takes hours per company. With the right tool, it takes minutes.
Step 4: Qualify by wealth signal, not just role
Not every director at a funded startup is an HNI. Cross-referencing directorship data with equity stake signals, company valuation estimates, and funding history helps prioritise who to contact first.
Step 5: Find the warm path
Even with perfect targeting, a cold call to an HNI director who doesn't know you is hard. Before reaching out, check whether anyone in your firm's existing network connects to this person's shared boards, investment overlaps, former employers, mutual professional associations. Warm introductions convert at a significantly higher rate than cold outreach, especially at this AUM level.
Step 6: Engage with context, not a pitch
HNI directors who have just experienced a liquidity event are simultaneously excited and overwhelmed. The RMs who get meetings are the ones who demonstrate they understand the situation. Reference the event. Show you understand what just changed for them. Ask about their priorities. The first conversation should feel like advice, not a product demo.
5. How Affluense.ai Solves This Specific Problem
Affluense is a data intelligence platform built specifically for wealth management teams in India. It was designed around one core insight: the biggest bottleneck in HNI client acquisition isn't talent or intent it's access to timely, actionable intelligence about who just became liquid and how to reach them.
Live deal surfacing from 250+ Indian sources
Affluense aggregates corporate events acquisitions, ESOP announcements, IPO filings, funding rounds, board changes from over 250 sources including Indian startup news outlets, BSE/NSE exchange filings, DRHP submissions, and MCA records. These events are surfaced automatically in a single dashboard. Your RMs start each morning knowing exactly which companies had a meaningful event in the last 24–48 hours without anyone spending time on research.
One-click de-anonymisation of ESOP buybacks
This is the capability most wealth management teams don't have access to anywhere else.
When Affluense surfaces an ESOP buyback event, a single click reveals the specific directors and key employees who are beneficiaries along with verified contact details and a network graph showing how your firm can reach them through existing relationships.
What used to take a full afternoon of MCA digging, LinkedIn cross-referencing, and guesswork now takes under two minutes.
Relationship intelligence and warm introduction paths
Affluense doesn't just surface names. It maps how your firm is already connected to those individuals through existing client relationships, professional networks, and shared board memberships. This turns a cold prospect list into a set of warm introduction opportunities the highest-converting outreach you can make.
Built for Indian compliance and data standards
Affluense sources data from publicly available filings, exchange disclosures, and registered databases operating within Indian regulatory frameworks. This directly addresses the compliance concern that most Indian wealth management firms raise when evaluating data intelligence tools.
Book a 20-Minute Demo with Affluense & we’ll show you how this works for your firm
6. Fair Evaluation of Other Tools in the Market
Tool / Approach | What it does well | Where it falls short |
Altrata (formerly WealthX) | Deep UHNW profiles globally; strong wealth estimates and philanthropic data | Limited India-specific coverage of growth-stage startup directors; no real-time ESOP event de-anonymisation |
LinkedIn Sales Navigator | Excellent for account mapping, mutual connection discovery, and job change alerts | No wealth signal layer; no ESOP or acquisition triggers; you must already know who you're looking for |
Zaubacorp / MCA-based tools | Authoritative Indian directorship data; solid for ownership verification | Reactive, not proactive no event triggers, no wealth scoring, no contact enrichment or network mapping |
CRM (Salesforce, LeadSquared, etc.) | Strong pipeline management once a prospect is identified | Built to manage contacts you already have not to discover new HNI prospects from events you didn't know to track |
Manual research | Free, flexible, full context per prospect | Doesn't scale; consistently too slow to win timing-sensitive opportunities |
The gap Affluense fills is specific: real-time Indian corporate event detection, connected directly to director-level identity and contact resolution, with warm introduction paths in one platform. No other tool in this list does all three natively.
7. Frequently Asked Questions
"We already use LinkedIn and manual research. Why do we need another tool?"
LinkedIn is a relationship management tool, not a wealth event detector. It tells you who someone is after you've found them, it doesn't tell you who just became an HNI because of an ESOP buyback. The manual research workflow can work for one or two prospects at a time, but it consistently loses the timing battle at scale. Affluense doesn't replace LinkedIn; it tells you who to look up on LinkedIn, and gives you the warm path to reach them.
"Our CRM handles prospect management isn't that enough?"
Your CRM manages people you've already identified. It can't discover new prospects from events you weren't tracking. Affluense feeds your CRM. The two tools solve different problems discovery versus management.
"How does Affluense handle data privacy and compliance in India?"
Affluense sources data exclusively from publicly available information MCA filings, SEBI disclosures, BSE/NSE filings, DRHP submissions, and registered news sources. No private data is scraped or purchased. The platform operates within Indian data compliance frameworks. Full sourcing documentation is available during the evaluation process for your compliance team to review.
"How do we justify the cost to leadership?"
Frame it around the cost of the current approach. Count how many RM hours per week go into research that doesn't produce a meeting. Then ask: what would happen to conversion if your first outreach to a director happened within 24 hours of their liquidity event rather than five days later? One AUM win that would otherwise have been missed typically covers the platform cost many times over. Affluense can also provide timing benchmarks from existing customers concrete data for a leadership conversation.
"Does this work for firms targeting mass-affluent clients, or only HNI/UHNW?"
The platform is most effective for firms targeting the HNI and UHNW segments directors and key employees at growth-stage companies whose liquidity events fall in that range. It's less relevant for purely retail or mass-affluent distribution.
"What does onboarding look like?"
Affluense is a SaaS platform no lengthy implementation. Most teams are operational within days of signing. Onboarding includes configuring your event preferences (industries, event types, geographies), connecting team accounts, and a guided walkthrough of the
de-anonymisation workflow. Ongoing support is included.
Your Next HNI Director Is Already in the News. The Question Is Who Gets There First.
Somewhere in today's startup news, there's an ESOP buyback announcement, an acquisition, or a funding round that just created a director-level liquidity event. That director needs wealth management guidance. They're not sure who to call yet.
The firms that win this client won't be the ones with the biggest brand or the most polished deck. They'll be the ones who showed up first with context, not a cold pitch.
If your team is still piecing that together manually, you already know the problem. Affluense was built to fix exactly that.
See it working on a real Indian corporate event in under 20 minutes.
No lengthy sales process. No commitment required. Just bring one event type you're currently trying to track an ESOP announcement, an acquisition, a sector you're targeting and we'll show you what Affluense surfaces that you're currently missing.
Mar 12, 2026
Quick Answer :
To identify high net worth directors for wealth management in India, track three things simultaneously
Corporate liquidity events (acquisitions, ESOP buybacks, IPOs)
Directorship data from MCA filings
Network paths to warm introductions.
No single source gives you all three - which is the core problem.
Platforms like Affluense.ai aggregate live signals from 250+ Indian sources and surface the specific directors who benefit from these events, along with verified contact details and a relationship graph showing how to reach them.
Book A Demo & See How It Works For Wealth Management Firms
This guide is for relationship managers, sales leaders, and founders at Indian wealth management firms who are tired of losing the timing battle. We'll walk through exactly how to identify high net worth directors for wealth management, what signals to look for, where to find them, how to prioritise outreach, and which tools are built for this specific problem.
1. Why "Director" Is One of the Most Underserved HNI Segments in India
When wealth managers think about HNI prospecting, they typically picture promoters of large listed companies or founders already profiled in Forbes. High visibility. High competition. Heavily pitched.
But there's a quieter, more accessible segment that gets missed consistently: working directors, co-founders, and early equity holders at growth-stage private companies.
India's startup and SME ecosystem means thousands of companies are sitting at any given time on the edge of a liquidity event, acquisition negotiations, ESOP buyback rounds, Series D fundraises that trigger secondary sales. The directors in these companies aren't publicly celebrated. But they're real HNIs in the making or already there.
They're harder to find which means less competition. An RM who reaches them first, with genuine context, converts at a far higher rate than someone cold-pitching a promoter who gets ten calls a week.
They're often underserved. Directors at private companies don't always have existing relationships with private banks or wealth firms. They may have managed money informally. A well-timed, well-informed approach can create a client relationship that lasts decades.
They move in cohorts. ESOP events don't benefit one person, they benefit tens or hundreds of employees and directors at the same time. One accurate identification opens an entire network.
2. The 5 Signals That Indicate a Director Has Become a High Net Worth Prospect
The question isn't "who is wealthy?" it's "who has recently become liquid, or who is about to?" These five signals answer that.
Signal 1: ESOP Buyback Announcements
When a company announces an ESOP buyback, it's one of the clearest wealth creation events in the Indian startup ecosystem. Employees and directors who hold vested options can convert equity to cash.
The challenge: most announcements name the company and pool size, not the individual beneficiaries. Solving the identification problem requires cross-referencing MCA directorship data, employment history signals, and ESOP plan structure.
Related : Read our full guide on how to identify ESOP buybacks and find HNIs that way
Signal 2: Acquisitions and M&A Deals
When a startup or private company gets acquired, the founding team, early investors, and director-shareholders typically receive a liquidity event. Indian startup media covers these deals regularly. But the coverage rarely names individual beneficiaries. The prospecting opportunity lies in mapping who held equity in the acquired entity which requires directorship records and cap table intelligence, not just a news headline.
Signal 3: IPO Filings and Lock-Up Expirations
DRHP filings with SEBI name promoters, directors, and significant shareholders along with their stake sizes. The pre-IPO period and the lock-up expiry window (typically six months post-listing) are both inflection points where directors are actively thinking about what to do with new liquidity.
Signal 4: C-Suite and Board Appointments
A director appointment at a late-stage startup or funded SME is a lagging wealth signal but an early relationship signal. If someone joins the board of a Series C company, they're likely already holding meaningful wealth. More importantly, they're now connected to an ecosystem where future liquidity events are plausible within a 2–4 year horizon.
Signal 5: Secondary Transactions and Pre-IPO Rounds
Secondary sales in late-stage startups allow existing shareholders to exit partially before a public listing.
These transactions are less publicised but increasingly common. Directors and early employees who participate in secondaries are cashing out, often for the first time, without a clear reference point on who to trust with the proceeds. That's your opening.
Related : How to identify liquidity events for wealth management firms
3. Where Most Wealth Managers Are Looking (And Why It's Too Slow)
LinkedIn: Good for validation, not discovery
LinkedIn is useful for confirming what you already suspect about someone. It is not built to proactively surface directors who just experienced a liquidity event. No ESOP signal. No MCA integration. No acquisition flag. If LinkedIn is your primary prospecting tool, you're working reactively waiting for people to self-identify as wealthy, rather than finding them at the moment wealth is created.
MCA Portal: Authoritative, but not actionable
The MCA database holds directorship data for every registered company in India. In theory, a prospector's best friend. In practice: manual form-by-form searches, no live event surfacing, notoriously slow to update. It tells you who was a director six months ago not who just participated in a buyback.
Google Alerts and News Monitoring: Too noisy, too slow
Keyword alerts catch a lot but they catch everything. The RM still manually reads articles, infers whether a wealth event occurred, figures out who the beneficiaries are, and hunts for contact information. This does not scale.
CRM and Internal Database: Only as good as what's already in it
Most wealth management CRMs are strong at managing existing relationships. They're not built to discover new ones. If a prospect isn't already in your CRM, the CRM can't help you find them. And if your data isn't regularly updated, it creates false confidence you think you know your addressable market, but you're looking at a snapshot that's months out of date.
The real cost of slow prospecting isn't the hours spent it's the AUM lost. Every HNI director who needed wealth management guidance after a liquidity event and didn't hear from your firm in time either went to a competitor, made uninformed decisions about their capital, or left it sitting idle.
4. How to Identify HNI Directors at Scale: A Step-by-Step Framework
Step 1: Map your target event types
Decide which liquidity events are most relevant to your firm's strategy. ESOP buybacks tend to produce a broader pool of mid-tier HNIs. Acquisitions and IPOs produce fewer but larger individual wealth events. Secondary transactions sit in between. Different event types require different data sources and different outreach approaches.
Step 2: Build a live event feed don't rely on manual scanning
The Indian startup ecosystem generates dozens of meaningful corporate events every week. You need a system that automatically surfaces them across startup news outlets, exchange filings, DRHP submissions, and MCA records not a process that depends on an analyst reading articles every morning. The difference between catching an ESOP announcement on day one versus day four can be the difference between a warm first call and a cold follow-up.
Step 3: De-anonymise the event find the specific beneficiaries
An ESOP buyback tells you a company has a pool of newly liquid equity holders. It doesn't tell you who they are. De-anonymising that event connecting it to actual directors and key employees using MCA records, cap table signals, and employment data is what separates a real lead from a headline. Manually, this takes hours per company. With the right tool, it takes minutes.
Step 4: Qualify by wealth signal, not just role
Not every director at a funded startup is an HNI. Cross-referencing directorship data with equity stake signals, company valuation estimates, and funding history helps prioritise who to contact first.
Step 5: Find the warm path
Even with perfect targeting, a cold call to an HNI director who doesn't know you is hard. Before reaching out, check whether anyone in your firm's existing network connects to this person's shared boards, investment overlaps, former employers, mutual professional associations. Warm introductions convert at a significantly higher rate than cold outreach, especially at this AUM level.
Step 6: Engage with context, not a pitch
HNI directors who have just experienced a liquidity event are simultaneously excited and overwhelmed. The RMs who get meetings are the ones who demonstrate they understand the situation. Reference the event. Show you understand what just changed for them. Ask about their priorities. The first conversation should feel like advice, not a product demo.
5. How Affluense.ai Solves This Specific Problem
Affluense is a data intelligence platform built specifically for wealth management teams in India. It was designed around one core insight: the biggest bottleneck in HNI client acquisition isn't talent or intent it's access to timely, actionable intelligence about who just became liquid and how to reach them.
Live deal surfacing from 250+ Indian sources
Affluense aggregates corporate events acquisitions, ESOP announcements, IPO filings, funding rounds, board changes from over 250 sources including Indian startup news outlets, BSE/NSE exchange filings, DRHP submissions, and MCA records. These events are surfaced automatically in a single dashboard. Your RMs start each morning knowing exactly which companies had a meaningful event in the last 24–48 hours without anyone spending time on research.
One-click de-anonymisation of ESOP buybacks
This is the capability most wealth management teams don't have access to anywhere else.
When Affluense surfaces an ESOP buyback event, a single click reveals the specific directors and key employees who are beneficiaries along with verified contact details and a network graph showing how your firm can reach them through existing relationships.
What used to take a full afternoon of MCA digging, LinkedIn cross-referencing, and guesswork now takes under two minutes.
Relationship intelligence and warm introduction paths
Affluense doesn't just surface names. It maps how your firm is already connected to those individuals through existing client relationships, professional networks, and shared board memberships. This turns a cold prospect list into a set of warm introduction opportunities the highest-converting outreach you can make.
Built for Indian compliance and data standards
Affluense sources data from publicly available filings, exchange disclosures, and registered databases operating within Indian regulatory frameworks. This directly addresses the compliance concern that most Indian wealth management firms raise when evaluating data intelligence tools.
Book a 20-Minute Demo with Affluense & we’ll show you how this works for your firm
6. Fair Evaluation of Other Tools in the Market
Tool / Approach | What it does well | Where it falls short |
Altrata (formerly WealthX) | Deep UHNW profiles globally; strong wealth estimates and philanthropic data | Limited India-specific coverage of growth-stage startup directors; no real-time ESOP event de-anonymisation |
LinkedIn Sales Navigator | Excellent for account mapping, mutual connection discovery, and job change alerts | No wealth signal layer; no ESOP or acquisition triggers; you must already know who you're looking for |
Zaubacorp / MCA-based tools | Authoritative Indian directorship data; solid for ownership verification | Reactive, not proactive no event triggers, no wealth scoring, no contact enrichment or network mapping |
CRM (Salesforce, LeadSquared, etc.) | Strong pipeline management once a prospect is identified | Built to manage contacts you already have not to discover new HNI prospects from events you didn't know to track |
Manual research | Free, flexible, full context per prospect | Doesn't scale; consistently too slow to win timing-sensitive opportunities |
The gap Affluense fills is specific: real-time Indian corporate event detection, connected directly to director-level identity and contact resolution, with warm introduction paths in one platform. No other tool in this list does all three natively.
7. Frequently Asked Questions
"We already use LinkedIn and manual research. Why do we need another tool?"
LinkedIn is a relationship management tool, not a wealth event detector. It tells you who someone is after you've found them, it doesn't tell you who just became an HNI because of an ESOP buyback. The manual research workflow can work for one or two prospects at a time, but it consistently loses the timing battle at scale. Affluense doesn't replace LinkedIn; it tells you who to look up on LinkedIn, and gives you the warm path to reach them.
"Our CRM handles prospect management isn't that enough?"
Your CRM manages people you've already identified. It can't discover new prospects from events you weren't tracking. Affluense feeds your CRM. The two tools solve different problems discovery versus management.
"How does Affluense handle data privacy and compliance in India?"
Affluense sources data exclusively from publicly available information MCA filings, SEBI disclosures, BSE/NSE filings, DRHP submissions, and registered news sources. No private data is scraped or purchased. The platform operates within Indian data compliance frameworks. Full sourcing documentation is available during the evaluation process for your compliance team to review.
"How do we justify the cost to leadership?"
Frame it around the cost of the current approach. Count how many RM hours per week go into research that doesn't produce a meeting. Then ask: what would happen to conversion if your first outreach to a director happened within 24 hours of their liquidity event rather than five days later? One AUM win that would otherwise have been missed typically covers the platform cost many times over. Affluense can also provide timing benchmarks from existing customers concrete data for a leadership conversation.
"Does this work for firms targeting mass-affluent clients, or only HNI/UHNW?"
The platform is most effective for firms targeting the HNI and UHNW segments directors and key employees at growth-stage companies whose liquidity events fall in that range. It's less relevant for purely retail or mass-affluent distribution.
"What does onboarding look like?"
Affluense is a SaaS platform no lengthy implementation. Most teams are operational within days of signing. Onboarding includes configuring your event preferences (industries, event types, geographies), connecting team accounts, and a guided walkthrough of the
de-anonymisation workflow. Ongoing support is included.
Your Next HNI Director Is Already in the News. The Question Is Who Gets There First.
Somewhere in today's startup news, there's an ESOP buyback announcement, an acquisition, or a funding round that just created a director-level liquidity event. That director needs wealth management guidance. They're not sure who to call yet.
The firms that win this client won't be the ones with the biggest brand or the most polished deck. They'll be the ones who showed up first with context, not a cold pitch.
If your team is still piecing that together manually, you already know the problem. Affluense was built to fix exactly that.
See it working on a real Indian corporate event in under 20 minutes.
No lengthy sales process. No commitment required. Just bring one event type you're currently trying to track an ESOP announcement, an acquisition, a sector you're targeting and we'll show you what Affluense surfaces that you're currently missing.
